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Founded in 1969, the Boston Society of Vulcans of Massachusetts (Vulcan Society) is a community-based, non-profit organization of Black and Latino firefighters in Boston.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mission )〕 Their mission is to encourage urban Bostonians to pursue public safety careers. They also promote public safety and fire prevention through education programs and various other resources. The Boston Society of Vulcans is a member of the International Association of Black Professional Firefighters, an association formed in 1969 in New York City to address the larger issue of racial discrimination faced by African-American firefighters nationwide. The Boston Society of Vulcans descended from the Vulcan Society of the FDNY, a black fraternal order of firefighters organized in 1940 to promote diversity and aid minority recruitment to the ranks of civil servants. == Consent Decree == In 1970, a lawsuit was brought against the Massachusetts Civil Service Commission that “alleged that the municipalities engaged in discriminatory recruitment and hiring practices whilst staffing their respective fire departments.” Blacks and Latinos were virtually excluded from the fire service, making up 0.9 percent of the total number of firefighters in Boston in 1970. This did not reflect the minority population of Boston, which was around 16 percent at the time.〔"Background Statement Regarding Boston Firefighters Union", December 29, 1982, Northeastern Archives and Special Collections, (Box 1, Folder 35), Northeastern University Libraries, Boston, MA. 〕 This lawsuit resulted in “the entry of an omnibus consent degree” that revised the hiring practices of municipalities, also referred to Boston Chapter, NAACP v. Beecher, 371 F.Supp. 507, 520-23. The decree was “affirmed” in ''Boston Chapter, NAACP, Inc. v. Beecher,'' 504 F.2d 1017, 1028 (1st Cir.1974) (''Beecher II''), ''cert. denied,'' 421 U.S. 910, 95 S.Ct. 1561, 43 L.Ed.2d 775 (1975).〔 The Beecher decree has been redefined since the first Beecher decision in 1974 but has “remained the guiding principle governing the hiring of firefighters in much of Massachusetts.”〔 A. Recruitment The fire department's Human Resource Department was tasked with recruiting minority candidates to take the entrance examination by distributing information to minority applicants through the media, schools, and community groups. This allowed for a more diverse group of applicants. B. Examinations Examinations must be pass/fail to produce a pool of qualified minority applicants. Federal Judge Wyzanski found that the public safety examinations overemphasized scholastic skills that were “set higher than what is required” for performance.”〔Wolfman, Toni G. (October 8, 1998). “Background Paper on Police and Firefighter Consent Decrees.” Boston Society of Vulcans of Massachusetts records (M131). Northeastern University Archives and Special Collections, (Box 1, Folder 39), Northeastern University Libraries, Boston, MA. 〕 Also, future examinations were required to be validated under EEOC guidelines. C. Certification Ratios The Consent Decree mandated that minority and non-minority candidates be certified “one minority to every three non-minority to Boston and Springfield.”〔 Also, the Civil Service Commission‘s lists must be in a specific order: near the head of the list were disabled veterans, children of public safety officers killed or injured in the line of duty, veterans, etc. D. Appointment/ Reasons for Bypass This requirement prevents appointing authority from hiring only non-minorities on the Human Resource Department's certified list unless an affirmative reason for bypass is presented. In other words, this ensures that candidates are bypassed only for job-related reasons as opposed to racial ones. E. Parity The Consent Degree requires that the percentage of Latino and Black fire officers be close to the number of Black and Latino individuals in the community, about 26 percent. In 1981, the number of minority firefighters reached 160, or about 14.7 of the total.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Boston Society of Vulcans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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